Roadable autorotative-winged aircraft



Nov. 8, 1938.

H. s. CAMPBELL ROADABLE AUTO ROTATIVE, WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 13,- 1936 7 Sheets-Shet 1 INVENTOR aw ATTORNEYS Nbv. 8, 1938. H. s. CAMPBELL 2,135,699

7 ROADABLE AUTOROTATIVE WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 15, 1936 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 r ATTORNEYS Nov. 8, 1938. H. s. CAMPBELL ROADABLE AUTQROTATIVE WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 15, 1936 '7 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTOR WA.

*Mw ATTORNEYS Nov. 8, 1938.

H. s. CAMPBELL ROADABLE AUTOROTATIVE WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 13, 1936 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 m 1. I I 1 I v mi uA/ AA l I l I I I I l I I I II 1 INVENTOR xA/wbj ATTQRNIZFS Nov. 8, 1938. H. s. CAMPBELL 2,135,699

ROADABLE AUTOROTATIVE WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 13, 1936 '7 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR BY I WWW ATTORNEYS Nov. 8, 1938. H. s. CAMPBELL ROADABLE AUTOROTATIVE WINGED AIRCRAFT Filed Jan. 13, 1936 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTO R I'M ATI'ORNEYJ Patented Nov. a, 1938 l v 2 135 599 I UNITED STATES AFENT OFFICE 2,135,099 I nosmnnn AUTOEQTMWNGED Am Harris 8. Campbell, Willow Grove, Pa., assignor to Antogiro Company of America, Willow Grove, Pa a corporation of Delaware Application January 13, 1936, Serial No. 58,831

1 laim.';(0l.24418i I v This invention relates to an improved vehicleprovision of all the necessary functions for air adapted for alternative use as an aircraft and as and road travel, and ready conversion between a road or land vehicle. the two, the invention also has in view a num- One of the principal objects of the invention ber of more or less specific objects as follows: 5 is the provision of a vehicle or aircraft which Inaccordance withone feature of the inven- 5 is readily convertible for use in the air or for tion, provision is made for the employment of a use on theground, particularly for road travel. power'talre-ofl, clutch and In consequence of the means provided for this purpose, the usefulness of aircraft may be greatly extended, for instance, by virtue of the fact that my improved aircraft may belanded at a point in the neighborhood of any desired destination, and then converted for road travel from that r point to any desired location'on the highways or Though not limited'in this respect, a this type is oi especial usefulness for,

private ownership and operatiomin accordance with which an owner may readily stow his craft in a garage adjacent to his home and then drive adapted for the delivery of for driving the machine on for the delivery of torque to the sustaining rotor for the purpose of initiating rotation thereof prior to take-oil. This latter function is preferably carried out in the manner described and claimed in the co-pending application of Juan de la Cierva, Serial No, 738349, flied August 3, 1934, in which application means are disclosed for imparting rotation to the rotor above the normal ,R. P. M. while the blades are set at a relatively Ciel-vs, Serial Number themachine 0n the highways 'to a point suitable-l the machine may be conl verted for air travel and then flown to any de-'- for take-oil, at which sired destination. With the above contemplates a machine having a sustaining rotor, preferably of the air actuated and-multibladed type, the blades of which are readily foldable for storage so as to occupy a minimum of on the ground. The machine, of "course, is also equipped with full controls for'air travel. Preferably these controls comprise a movable taining rotor of the type disclosed, for example, in the co-pending application of Juan de is 645,985, flied December 6, 1932. While this type 'for example, in patent of Harris SlCampbell, No.

1,989,544, issued January 29, 1935. In.addition to the more or less-generaLobiects and advantages referred to above such as 4 purposes in view, the invention or automatically as mounting for the sus:

. "direct cont craft because such a craft may operate safely terrain condi- I of control needflnot be considered in detail herein, it should be notediprime mover to'the rotor of mechanism providing for,

low or zero incidence. in this way, the ineidence of the blades is preferably to a value higher than the usual rotational incidence of flight, with the result that set up the machine takes 01! substantially vertically, i. e.,

in connection with features of the present invention for the reason that highways themselves may provide adequate space for landings and take-oils. Thus, a highway close to an driven from there to the desired location.

4 11m invention is ofespecialimportance in the and "direct take-oil" type of under more" adverse weather and road travel would be desirable.-

drive shafting for transmitting torque from the for take-oil purposes and also from the prime mover to the wheels for driving purposes. Still more specifically, the driving in for transmittingtorque from the power take-off unit above mentioned to the rotor and to the wheels. are each equipped with a. clutch device whereby the drives may selectively be engaged or disensased'.

Another-object of the invention is the provi- In eifecting a take-oil the machine may he landed onultimate destination and autoby an overrunning' clutch) I space. and after the initial hop the propulsive air- Still further, provision is made for steering, screw carries the machine away in translational-30 braking, an landing wheels so as to flight. Thistype of take-oi! is of especial use sion of controlling means for the clutches just referred to, which controlling means interrelates the operation of the clutches in a manner to provide for actuation thereof in the opposite senses.

Another feature of the invention is involved in clutch means in addition to the others already mentioned, which additional clutch means is common to both drives (that is, the drive to the rotor and the drive to the wheels), so that complete disconnection of these drives may be effected during air travel, at which time the full power of the prime mover, of course, should be delivered to the propulsive air-screw. ther has in view adapting driving mechanism of the character already mentioned, to different arrangements of landing wheels, as will be brought out more fully hereinafter.

According to the invention, structure is provided for shock absorption upon landing and also for braking and steering the landing wheels, in addition to driving them.

In order to increase the safety of travel of the craft on the ground and also for other purposes more fully discussed hereinafter, the invention makes provision for stowing the propulsive airscrew in a suitable compartment provided in the body of the machine, in view of which, operation of the propulsion engine on the ground is not dangerous. Related to this feature is the provision of a fan (preferably also including a fly wheel) which may readily be mounted in place of the propulsive air-screw when the machine is to be driven on the ground. Thus, adequate cooling of the engine is provided for during road travel and (when the fly wheel feature is also adopted) smoothness of the engine operation is increased so as to better adapt it to operation at lowspeeds such as required at times on the ground.

How the foregoing objects and advantages are secured, together with others which will occur to more apparent from the following description making reference to the accompanying drawings, in whic Figure 1 is a side view of a machine constructed in accordance with this invention, a portion of the body being broken away to disclose the stowage compartment for the air-screw;

Figure 2 is a bottom-plan view of a portion of the body of the machine shown in Figure 1, part of the covering being broken away to further illustrate the stowage compartment;

Figure3 is a side elevational view of a number of features of the driving mechanisms incorporated in the machine of Figures 1 and 2, a portion view in dot and dash outline;

Figure 4 is a vertical sectional view through the power take-off, clutch and gearing unit incorporated in the arrangement of Figures 1 to 3 inclusive;

Figure 5 is a view somewhat similar to Figure 3- but illustrating a modified form of construction; I

Figure 6 is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken through one of the landing wheels of the arrangement of Figure 5 and showing features of the mounting and driving mechanism therefor;

Figure 'I is an enlarged similar to the showing of Figure 4 but illustrating a modified form of power take-off, clutch and gearing unit;

' Figure 8 is a top plan view of the undercarriage and landing wheels, with portions of the controls and driving mechanism for the wheels'also ineluded; and

The invention furreadily removable nut 28.

of the body of the machine being shown in thisvertical sectional view Figure 9 is a front elevational view of the structure shown in Figure 8.

At this point it should be noted that while I have employed the term "aircraft in referring to the machine of this invention, it will be under: stood that this term is not to be taken as excluding any of the land travel features embodied in the machine.

The craft shown in Figure 1 includes a body iii which, of course, is provided with an occupant's compartment accessible, for example, through The sustaining rotor comprises a plurality of blades l2 which are attached to the common upright hub I! by flapping and dra pivots I24; and i211, the hub being mounted at the top of a pylon or other support As already mentioned, for purposes of control in flight, the hub of the rotor is preferably mounted for movement, as by pivots, one of which appears at I30, in accordance with the disclosure of the de la Clerva application, Serial Number 645,985. Though not essential, the machine is preferably equipped with a rudder I5 which may suitably project'rearwardly from the fuselage and from the vertical fin IS. The empennage further includes horizontal stabilizing surfaces ll preferably having upturned tips i8, the overall width of which, for the sake of road travel, approximates that of the undercarriage later to be described.

The arrangement of Figures 1 and 3 incorporates a pair of forward landing wheels l9 supported by suitable struts 20 and 2|, and a single rear landing wheel 22 which, in accordance with the disclosure of the co-pending application of Agnew E. Larsen, Serial Number 39,671, filed September 9, 1935, is located rearwardly of the center of gravity of the machine as a whole though relatively close to the center of gravity. Thus, the three wheels support the craft on the ground in tripod fashion. If desired, a tail skid 23 may be employed in order to prevent damage to the empennage.

The prime mover or propulsion engine 2| is located in the nose of the machine and during air travel drives the propulsive air-screw 25. This screw is made readily dismountable so that during road travel it may be removed and stowed within a compartment 28 provided in the underside of the body of the machine, in which it may be supported as by a pin or shaft 21 carrying a The mounting of the air-screw in this compartment is clearly shown in Figure 2. This view also illustrates a fan device 29 in dot and dash outline. the fan being adapted for connection with the engine 24 in travel of the machine on the ground. This fan includes a rim 30 and blades 3! and is preferably of relatively heavy construction so as to serve also as a fly wheel and thus aid in operation of the engine, particularly at low speeds as may occur from time to time during road travel) From the above, and comparison of Figures 1, 2 and 3, it will be observed that the stowage compartment 26 may be employed alteratively to receive the air-screw and the fan.

Referring further to Figure 2, the compartment is equippedwith a closure 32 which may comprise a portion of the fabric or other similar covering for the fuselage, which closure is equipped with separable fasteners or Zippers" 33, by means of which a large opening may be exposed for convenient insertion and removal of the air-screw.

smoothing out the r generally upright pivots I9a to Because of the location of the rear wheel 22 relatively close to the center of gravity of the machine, and also because of the displacement of the two forward wheels well-forwardly of the center of gravity, the supporting struts for,the front wheels, need not, in all cases, incorporate shock absorbers. However, the two front wheels are preferably mounted for movement about provide for steering, and, as seen in Figure 3,- a steering control is provided in the form of foot-pedals34 which are coupled as by means of push-rods 35 with the knuckles I 9b.

The mounting for the rear wheel 22 includes a relatively large shock strut 39 which is secured to some of the main elements of the fuselage frame. The wheel 22 is further carried by means .of the fork 81 which is pivoted as at 38 so that the wheel may move upwardly and downwardly and landing shocks or road bumps may be cushioned. I This wheel is preferably also provided with'a brake, the specific structure. of which need not be considered herein, lthough it is' mentioned that the brake operating lever39a may be operated by the control element 39 connected with the footpedal48.

At the rear ofthe engine 24 a power take-off shaft 4| projects, this shaft preferably being Journaled as by a bearing 42 within a housing 43.

.additional plates 46 and 41.

At its rear end, the shaft 4| carries a drum or equivalentdevice 44 cooperating with the clutch plate 45 which is. interposed between a pair of Suitable friction material 48 may be interposed between the clutch plates. The two plates and 41 are relatively movable toward and away from each other axially of the shaft 49, on which the plate 49 is directly carried. Shaft 49 may conveniently be journaled as by rollers 58 and bearings-5I-5I. These latter bearings (5I5I) also cooperate with the housing 43 and the arrangement thus provides rigid support for-the driving shaft 4| as well as the driven shaft 49 in a single housing structure. The clutch 45-4641 is operated upon movement of the plates 49 and 41 toward each other to clamp the intermediate plate 45 therebetween. This is effected by means of one or more actuating elements 52 pivoted as at 53 to ears 54 carried by the plate 49.- One end of the 'arm 52 is adapted to bear on the outer face of clutch plate 41 and the other end is connected by means of apin 55 with a link 59,which in turn is pinned to ears 51 provided on the collar 58. This latter member is mounted with freedom for rotation with respect to shaft 49 butmay bedisplaced axially of the snaft so as to cause movement of the actuating arms 52. Longitudinal movement of the collar 58 is effected by a control lever 59 pivoted on the housing 43 asat 98 and carrying forks 9|, provided with rollers 9Ia, adapted to engage and ride'in the peripheral groove '92 of the collar 58. The lever59 may be moved .by

means of the control rod 93 which in turn is.

- Figures 5 to 9 inclusive,

coupled with the control lever 94 pivoted at 9'9.

Torque is delivered from shaft 49 to the rotor by means of a bevel plnion'96 which is splined to shai't. 49 and which meshes with a cooperating bevel .gear -91-niounted on shaft 98 carried by bearings 99-99 in a housing'extension 18. The shaft 98 is provided with elements of. a dog clutch 1| adapted to engage with complementary formed elements 12 at the lower end of a sleeve which is movable axially on a shaft 14 journaled by bearings 15 and 15a. The collar 13 and shaft 14 are joined with freedom for'relative axial vision is made for regardless of movement wheel I supports as movement so as to permit engagement and disengagement of the dog clutch "-12. This engagement and disengagement may be effected in motion with the collar 58. An actuating arm 19 pivoted on the housing extension 18 as at 11 serves to move a yoke 18 carrying rollers 19 riding in the peripheral groove 88 of the collar a manner similar to that described above in con-' 18. The push and pull rod 8| serves to actuate the lever 19 and thus the dog clutch 1I-12.

Shaft 14 is joined by universal joint 82 with shaft 83 which extends in a generally upright direction toward the rotor hub at which point it is coupled with the hub by a second universal 82 and reduction gearing I 3b by means of which the engine may be operated at a speed approximat-' ing optimum efliciency during use of the rotor starter.

Torque is delivered to the rear wheel 22 by .a bevel pinion 84 meshing with a cooperating bevel gear 85 having a shaft 89 journaled by bearings 81-91 in'a housing extension 88. Shaft 89 and collar 99 are provided with complementary elements 98 and 9| of a dog clutch serving to couple shaft 88 with shaft 92 which, similarly to .25

the upper shaft for the rotor drive, is provided with bearings 93 and93a.

The actuating means for the dog clutch 98-9I comprises a yoke 94 carrying rollers .95 riding in the peripheral groove 99 of the collar 89 which is actuable by lever 91 pivoted at 98 'onthe 110115? ing extension 88. The lever 91 isioined by a link 99 with a. still further lever I88 which is movable with the arm 19 underthe influence oithe control rod 8|.

Thus it will be seen that thetwo dog clutches (one for therotor drive and the other for the wheel drive) are both actuable by a single control element and upon examination of the drawings it will be found that these two clutches are actuated in the opposite sense. That is, movement of the control rod 8| in a forward direction disengages clutch 1I--12 and engages clutch 989I, and movement of the control rod in the other direction engages clutch 1|--12 and disengages -clutch 98-9I.

The drive shaft 92 for the wheel 22 is coupled to an additional shaft |8| by'means of a universal I82, and shaft I8I is in turn coupled to the pinion shaft I83 by a slip joint I84 and second universal I89 located close to the pivot point 38 of the wheel fork. The pinion I89 which is carried by shaft 183 meshes with the ring gear I81 mounted onthe hub of wheel '22. This arrangement provides a speed reduction and thus permits operating of the engine at a speed approximating optimum efficiency during road travel. By virtue. of the universal and slip joints provided in the shafting 92, I 8| and I83, prothetransmission of torque of the wheel 22 for shock absorption.

struts lIIi which are pivoted to the fuselage framing at III and universaliy Joined tothe indicated at H2 in Figures 5 and 8. I

For further details of this structure reference shouldbe' made to Figure 6 from which it will be seen thatthe lower element 3 of the shock strut I89 is secured to the fitting II4, this fitting Referring now to the arrangement shown in referencev is first made to 4 being provided with a pair of apertured lugs III the pins IIB, which latter cooperate generally The wheel hub III is carried on the spindle 1 by means of bearings IIl-I IS.

The wheel hub is also provided with a drumlike flange I with which the internal expanding brake III cooperates. This brake may be actuated by a fluid pressure and piston device I22 controlled through the flexible tube I23. I

Movement of the wheel about the atria, rovided by pins I It is effected by a horn or arm I l which is coupled by the push rod I25 with a lever I16 which lever is pivoted to an ear I21 carriedion the housing I28 of a diflerential to be referred to hereinafter. The remainder of the'steei'ing connections include closed circuit'control cable riding on pulleys I30 which are carried on the struts IIII. Additional pulleys II I cooperate in bringing the control cable I29 to the drum III on which the cable is wound. The steering wheel I serves to move the cable 129 in either direction as indicated by the arrow Ill'in'Figure 8 and thus to rock lever I28 and actuate thehorns I through the medium ofthe push rod I25.

In addition to the arrangements for steering and braking these wheels already described, the invention further contemplates provision for driving this pair of wheels. The drive is accom- 1 plished by a mechanism similar to that described above in connection with Figure 4. As seen in Figures 5"and '1, a mount the gearing and clutch unit in a position just to the rear of the engine 24. The arrangement of master" clutch described above in connection with Figure 4 is also employed in the modification of Figures 5 to 9 and this mechanisrn will therefore not be described "again.

Similarly the modification of Figures 5 to 9 contemplates the transmission of torque to the rotor" for starting or jump-ofl 'purposes and parts employed to accomplish this are again similar to those shown in Figure 4. The phrts for driving the wheels, however, are somewhat modified. As seen in Figure '7 the housing extension "a projects downwardly at a'diflerent angle than that of Figure 4. This housing extension, however, serves to mount operating'parts similar to those fully discussed above although it will be noted that the bevel pinion a. is inverte'din position so as to bring it into proper relation to-the cooperating bevel gear 85a at its new angle. The actuating mechanism OI, I8, I", 99, and This also the same as described abovfalthough the positions of the pirts are slightly modified;

The drive shaft forithe wheels Illa is in this with a relatively long travel slip joint I, 'approximateparallelism of this being necessary because of the the drive shaft and the shock struts I. The lower end of this drive shaft'enters the differential housing I28 and-this"housing'is interbraced with the wheel supporting fittings III by means of non-rotative tubes I. The internal structure of the differential need not be shown herein since it may take the known form of the planetary gear type, or may comprise a couple of free wheel devices, one .ioneach shaft I31. As best seen in Figure 6, each tube serves to house a torque shalt III which is provided with a universal joint I havhousing 43a serves to ing of the rotor ing itsaxes positioned substantially in the-plane of the pivot pins IIB about which the wheelis movable for steering. The'torque shafttextension' I3! is splined Ill which in turn is secured to the wheel hub II! and thus serves to transmit the driving torque through ing to the wheel.

-r From the foregoing it will be seen that in the arrangement of Figures 5m 9 inclusive, provision is made for driving, braking, and steerins with a single pair of wheels, the wheels further being" mounted and with relatively long travel shock absorption which may be desired to accommodate' landing shocksi" In 4 operation of either form of mechanism Z16 above described, and assuming that a take-oi! is to be made, the manipulations referred to below may be followed: i v After? starting of the propulsion engine (and with the--air.-screw mounted-ethereon) IFthe' con- (20 trol lever 8i is-pulledrearwardly sons to engage thedog clutch 1I12 and disengage'the clutch -8I. The master clutch Hi-41 is now engaged by a rearward movement of the control lever I4 and the engine R. P. M.s;are brought up :25 in a manner to gradually increase'rotation-ot the rotor until the desired value fo'r take-oif'or-ior Jump-oi! is reached The main clutohis pref- ,erablyreleased by forward-movement'oi lever I4 and a take-oil is then effected. The wheel brakes (30 may, of course, be applied during the-time torque is delivered to the rotor so as to prevent translational movement of the craft on the ground.

v Upon landing, the blades I! 'of the rotor may desirably folded over the ;tail by'movement:ss about the drag pivots; lib and by rearward tilthub on its controlpivotiibe dot and dash'llnes I! in Fig; 1). Thereafter, the air-screw llmay'be removed and replaced. by the fan 20. The machine may then be driven on-the ground or a highway by aforward displacement of the control rod II sons to disengage the rotor clutch --lI--'I2 and engage the-whei-q-eiutch ill-4i. Contrpl of the'throttla'of'the steering and braking devices; of course. provide for maneuvering on the ground.

.. with regard'to the two forms of structure iilustrated and described. it is pointed out that the mechanism is adaptable to several diflerent forms ,oflanding gear. Indeeddor this purpom; only relatively simple changes need be made in the design of the power take-of! and gearing unit.

I claim:-

In an aircraft, a sustaining rotor, an engine. an undercarriage, mechanism for transmitting power from the engine to the rotor to drive the samefmechanism for transmittins p wer iron the engine to the uride rcarriage for propulsion on the ground, a compact transmission unit including a casing for parts of both of said mechanisms, a horizontal shaft supported in the casing, a slipping clutchi'or connecting the horizontal 4 shaft with the engine, a pair of bevel gears housed in said casing for transmitting power from said shaft to the rotor, a second pair of bevel gears housed in said casing for transmitting power from said shaft. to said undercarriage, for each drive mechanism a positive or non-slipping clutch with one of the bevel gears therefor, and a control for said positive clutches incorporating interlocking means providingior alternative connectionof said positive clutches and furtherproviding against connection of both of them at the same time. 

